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Index
311 apps, 40–41, 42, 43, 45, 47–49, 51, 60, 73, 160
1984 (Orwell), 96
Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 157
Aerial perspective, 147, 148, 149
Aircraft (Le Corbusier), 148
Algorithms, 1–2, 3, 49–50, 87–88, 95, 97, 103–107, 123, 161. See also Machine learning
Alphabet (Google’s parent company). See Sidewalk Labs
Amazon, 69, 99
Anderson, Chris, 67. See also Wired
AppCivist, 59
Apple, 41
Apps, civic, 3, 40–43
311 apps, 40–41, 42, 43, 45, 47–49, 51, 60, 159–160
AppCivist, 59
Brigade (Parker), 40, 42
parking, 113
Ruck.us (Daschle), 40, 42
Textizen, 40, 43
Argonne National Laboratory, 107
Arnold Foundation. See Laura and John Arnold Foundation
Array of Things (AoT), 107–109. See also Internet of Things
Artificial intelligence, 3, 95
Automatic license plate readers (ALPRs), 98, 100
Automobiles, 16, 18–21, 24, 26–27, 143–144. See also Autonomous vehicles; Traffic
Autonomous vehicles (AVs), 8, 15–18, 24–30, 35–37, 68, 157. See also Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Senseable City Lab; Traffic
Bailo, Carla, 32, 33, 34, 159. See also Columbus
Baldwin, James, 151
Baltimore (MD), 41
Barcelona (Spain), 115, 158
Baumgardner, Kinder, 16, 17
Bayley, David, 77
Bell, Monica, 46
Berk, Richard, 83
Berman, Marshall, 8, 52
Beware (Intrado), 104
Big Brother, 96. See also Surveillance
Big Data, 49, 67, 70, 153
Bike share data, 95, 96
Black Lives Matter, 96, 97
Body cameras, 98–99. See also Policing
Boldin, Shakira, 131, 135, 137
Bonaguro, Joy, 126–130, 138, 162. See also San Francisco
Boston (MA), 1, 24, 48, 53, 54, 156–157, 159
311 app, 51
Boston Public Schools, 54
“Boston Smart City Playbook” (2016), 156
Department of Innovation and Technology, 134
Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics (MONUM), 113, 140–141
Brady, Henry, 45
Brasília (Brazil), 149–150, 151
South Wing, 149
Brasilite, 150
Brazil, 58. See also Brasília; Rio de Janeiro
participatory budgeting (PB), 58, 157–158
Brigade (Parker), 40, 42
Bronx, 118, 121–124. See also New York City
Buckley, Steve, 15–16, 18, 28–29, 30. See also Toronto
Burns, Nancy, 45
Cambridge (MA), 63, 65, 67
Police Department (CPD), 63–66, 70, 85
Caro, Robert, 21–22, 150. See also Moses, Robert
Carr, Kerstin, 31, 32. See also Columbus
Cars. See Automobiles
Chasnoff, John, 78
Chicago (IL), 11, 72, 103, 107–109, 112, 161
311 app, 41
Department of Public Health (CDPH), 139–140
Police Department, 72, 86–87, 103. See also Strategic Subjects List
Cisco, 3, 6, 8
Columbus (OH), 30–35, 37, 159. See also Smart City Challenge; Smart Columbus
Easton, 32
Linden, 32–34
Columbus Buggy Company (CBC), 35
Community PlanIt (CPI), 53–55, 58–59, 160. See also Gordon, Eric; Walter, Steve
COMPAS (Northpointe), 104–105
Contracts. See Government contracts
Costa, Lúcio, 150. See also Brasília
Crime. See Policing
Cyberattacks, 102. See also Data
Daschle, Nathan, 40, 41–42
Data, 49–50, 97
anonymous, 93–95, 101–102
Array of Things (AoT), 107–109
behavioral, 94
bike share programs, 95, 96
brokers, 98, 99, 100
collection, 2, 9, 80, 93–103, 106–114, 138, 155, 158, 161 (see also LinkNYC)
cyberattacks, 102
drills, 124–125
hacks and security breaches, 102
integration, 80, 121–125, 129, 132, 162
judicial sentencing, influence on, 106
minimization, 108–109, 111
monetization, 9, 93, 95, 99
quality, 127–128, 162
racial bias, 2, 68–69, 72–73, 87, 103
release of, 94–95
training data, 65, 66–69, 70, 72–73, 81, 87, 103, 139–140
Data-Driven Justice Initiative, 78, 80, 81
Datasets, 80, 82, 93, 94–95, 101, 125, 126
DataSF, 127–128
Legionnaires’ disease outbreak, 119, 121–122, 124,
DataSF, 127–131, 137. See also San Francisco
Data Academy, 128, 129
Davis, Jordan, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37. See also Columbus
Death and Life of Great American Cities (Jacobs), 151
De Blasio, Bill, 92, 106. See also New York City
De Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre, 93–94
Department of Homeland Security. See U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Department of Justice. See U.S. Department of Justice
Department of Transportation (DOT). See U.S. Department of Transportation
Determinism. See Technological determinism
Detroit (MI), 51, 54, 92
Dewey, John, 4
Direct democracy, 39, 40, 43
Doctoroff, Dan, 93, 143–144, 154. See also Sidewalk Labs
Domain Awareness System (IBM), 84
Downs, Anthony, 22
Driverless cars. See Autonomous vehicles
DriveWAVE, 25. See also Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Senseable City Lab
Duranton, Gilles, 22–23
Electronic benefits transfer (EBT) cards, 97. See also Welfare; WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) program
Email. See Gmail
Emerson College, 53
Engagement Lab, 53
Eno Center for Transportation, 16
Equivant. See Northpointe
Eubanks, Virginia, 97, 98
Facebook, 40, 95, 96, 97. See also Social media
Facial recognition software, 99
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 96
Federal Communications Commission, 114
Ferguson, Andrew, 70, 88
Ford, Henry, 35
Ford Motor Company, 26, 35
Fort Greene Houses, 151. See also New York City
Fountain, Jane, 47
Franklin-Hodge, Jascha, ix–xi, 156–157, 159. See also Boston
Fry, Christopher, 42
Fung, Archon, 43
Futurama, 17, 20
Games and playful learning, 52, 54, 55. See also Community PlanIt; Walter, Steve
Garden Cities of To-Morrow (Howard), 147
Garden City, 147–148
Garner, Eric, 48. See also Policing; Racial bias
General Motors Corporation, 17
Germany, 144–146
Gilliom, John, 97
Gilman, Hollie Russon, 43, 56–58, 59, 61. See also Participatory budgeting
Gmail, 66–68
Goldstein, Brett, 72
Google, 15. See also Gmail; Sidewalk Labs
Gordon, Eric, 53, 55, 56, 58
Government contracts, 133–136
Government Performance Lab, 132. See also Grover-Roybal, Christina
Governments, and lack of transparency, 103–104, 106
Greenfield, Adam, 6
Groman, Marc, 113
Grover-Roybal, Christina, 132–133, 134–135, 136–137. See also Seattle
Gun violence, 86, 87. See also Strategic Subjects List
Hacks and security breaches, 102. See also Data
Han, Hahrie, 44, 58
Hattiesburg (MS), 112
Heffner, Jeremy, 73–76. See also HunchLab
Historical data. See Training data
Hitachi, 72, 153
Hollywood, John, 71
Holston, James, 150. See also Brasília
Homelessness, 11, 77, 79, 131–138
Howard, Ebenezer, 147–148, 150, 151
Human Rights Data Analysis Group, 73
HunchLab, 73–76
IBM, 6, 41, 84
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). See U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Induced demand, 22–23. See also Traffic
InLinkUK, 158. See also LinkNYC
Insight2050 (Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission), 31, 32. See also Columbus
Instagram, 95. See also Social media
Internet access, 33, 45, 92, 100. See also LinkNYC; Wi-Fi
Internet of Things (IoT), 98, 102, 153, 156, 158. See also Array of Things
Interstate Highway System, 21
Intrado, 103
Jacob, Nigel, 113, 141, 156. See also Boston: Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics
Jacobs, Jane, 151–152, 153, 157
Jeanneret, Charles-Édouard. See Le Corbusier
Johnson, Jason, 131–132, 133, 135, 136, 138. See also Seattle
Johnson County (KS), 11, 78, 80–82, 88, 161
Judicial sentencing, 9, 104–106
Kafka, Franz, 96, 104
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 96
Klockars, Carl, 72
La Crosse (WI), 104
Lane, Alyssa, 59, 60–61. See also Vallejo (CA)
Lanyon, Ryan, 16, 18, 28, 29. See also Toronto
Latour, Bruno, 4, 42
Laura and John Arnold Foundation, 81–82. See also Data-Driven Justice Initiative
Law enforcement. See Policing
Le Corbusier, 148–149, 150, 151, 152, 155
Legionnaires’ disease, 118–119, 121, 123–124, 130–131. See also New York City
Lieberman, Henry, 42
Lincoln (NE), 41
LinkNYC, 2, 9, 92–93, 95, 99, 100, 102–103, 107–108, 115, 155, 158. See also Array of Things; InLinkUK; Sidewalk Labs
Living PlanIt, 153
London (United Kingdom), 95, 158
Loomis, Eric, 104. See also COMPAS
Los Angeles (CA), 41, 98. See also U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Lucas, Kim, 141. See also Boston: Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics
Lyft, 26–27, 33. See also Uber
MAC addresses, 93, 99–100, 111. See also Privacy
Machine learning, 66–67, 68, 70, 72, 153
calibrated predictions, 105
Chicago Police Department, Strategic Subjects List, 86–87, 103
crime patterns, 1–2, 63–67, 71
fairness, 68–69, 71, 73–74, 76–77, 83, 86, 105, 107
judicial sentencing, 9, 104–106
and Legionnaires’ disease, 123–124
mental health and social services, 80–81
prediction and social media, 95
public health, 139–140
racial bias, 1–2, 8, 67, 69, 73, 84–87, 91, 103–105
St. George’s Hospital Medical School, 69, 73
surveillance and criminalization, 86, 100, 112
training data, 66–68, 140
Malinowski, Sean, 72
Masdar City (United Arab Emirates), 154
Mashariki, Amen Ra, 118–125, 130–131, 162. See also New York City
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 42,
predictive policing algorithm, 64, 67
Senseable City Lab, 1, 16–17, 24, 25, 152
Mattmiller, Michael, 109, 110, 111. See also Seattle
McKesson, DeRay, 96
Melle, Laura, 134. See also Government contracts
Mental health, 11, 77–81, 86, 88, 161
Metcalf, Jacob, 73
Metrics, 129–130
Miami (FL), 79
Miami-Dade Police Department, 79
Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC), 31. See also Insight2050
Misa, Thomas, 35
MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Model T, 35
Modernism, high, 146–152
Morgan Stanley, 17
Morozov, Evgeny, 5. See also Solutionism
Moses, Robert, 7, 21–22, 150–151, 152
Motor Age, 17, 18, 20, 36, 143–144
NDAs. See Nondisclosure agreements
Needham, Catherine, 47
New Inquiry, 72
New Orleans (LA), Police Department, 112
Newsom, Gavin, 40
New York City (NY), 11, 106, 161
311 app, 48, 51
Bronx, 118, 121–124
Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, 22
data drills, 124–125
data release, 94–95
Department of Buildings (DOB), 121, 122
Department of Finance (DOF), 121, 122
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH), 118, 122, 130
Department of Housing Preservation and Development, 125
Fort Greene Houses, 151
Garner, Eric, death of, 48
Grand Central Parkway, 21, 22
Hurricane Sandy, 51
Interborough Parkway, 21
internet access (broadband), 92 (see also LinkNYC)
Laurelton Parkway, 21
Legionnaires’ disease, 118–119, 121, 123–124, 130
LinkNYC, 2, 9, 92–93, 95, 99, 100, 102–103, 107–108, 155, 158 (see also Array of Things)
Mayor’s Office of Data Analytics (MODA), 121, 122–123, 125, 126, 130–131, 137
Moses, Robert, and urban renewal efforts, 7, 150–151
New York City Council, 106
NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM), 118, 122, 124, 130
Sidewalk Labs, 2, 93, 95 (see also LinkNYC)
Triborough Bridge, 22
Wantagh State Parkway Extension, 22
Wi-Fi, public, 2 (see also LinkNYC)
New York Civil Liberties Union, 95
Niemeyer, Oscar, 150. See also Brasília
Nondisclosure agreements, 103
Northpointe, 104–105, 115
Norton, Peter, 18–19
Oakland (CA), 73, 112
Police Department, 73–75
Obama, Barack, Administration, 3, 81
Oceanside (CA), 102
Office of Personnel Management (OPM). See U.S. Office of Personnel Management
Ohio State University, 32
OkCupid, 97
Open data initiatives, 101
Orlando (FL), 99
Orwell, George, 96
Overmann, Lynn, 78, 79–80. See also Data-Driven Justice Initiative
Palmisano, Samuel, 6
Papachristos, Andrew, 86
Parker, Sean, 40, 42
Participatory budgeting (PB), 56–61, 157–158, 160
Pasquale, Frank, 49
Personally identifiable information (PII), 93, 95, 102, 110
Phoenix (AZ), 27
Play. See Games and playful learning
Policing. See also Mental health; Predictive recidivism; Racial bias
Black Lives Matter, 96, 97
body cameras, 98–99
Cambridge Police Department (CPD), 63–64, 65, 66, 69–70, 85
Chicago Police Department, 71–72, 86–87
crime databases, 63–64, 65
crime hot spots, myth of, 8, 72–75, 76, 77
crime maps, 72–75
crime-pattern algorithms, 1–2, 63–67, 71
facial recognition software, 99
Garner, Eric, death of, 48
mental health and jail populations, 78–81
Miami-Dade Police Department, 79
New Orleans Police Department, 112
Oakland Police Department, 73–75
Orlando Police Department, 99
poor and minority communities, 46, 72–75, 85–86
predictive policing, 1–2, 8, 70–78, 82, 84–88, 103–105, 112, 158, 160
racial bias, 2, 8, 46, 70–77, 87, 88, 96, 97, 160
Seattle Police Department, 109–110, 112
stop-and-frisk, 77, 85
surveillance, 72, 86–87, 99
threat scores, 103
violence against activists, 96
Political apathy, 45–46
Porter, Theodore, 7
Predatory loans, 98, 100
Predictive policing, 1–2, 8, 70–77, 82, 84–88, 103–105, 112, 158, 160. See also Policing
Predictive recidivism, 104–105
PredPol, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82, 85, 104
Privacy, 93–98, 100, 102, 107–114, 161. See also Array of Things; LinkNYC
Privacy Advisory Committee, 110–111. See also Seattle
“Privacy Impact Assessment,” 110
Procurement. See Government contracts
ProPublica, 105
Racial bias, 2, 7, 8, 46, 48, 68–69, 84
algorithms, 1–2, 8, 67, 69, 73, 84–87, 103–105
data, 2, 68–69, 72–73, 87, 103
machine learning, 69, 72–73, 87, 91
policing, 2, 8, 46, 70–77, 87, 88, 96, 97, 160
urban renewal, 7, 150–151
water rights, 7
Radiant City, 148–149, 152
RAND Corporation, 71, 76, 86
Reasonocracy, 42. See also Solutionism
Representative democracy, 39–40, 41, 53
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 150
Rittel, Horst, 4–5
Robin, Corey, 42
Robinson, David, 70, 71, 82
Ruck.us (Daschle), 40, 42
Rudin, Cynthia, 64, 65, 66
Rushkoff, Douglas, 103
Sadowski, Jathan, 49
Salisbury, Harrison, 151
San Francisco (CA), 11, 126–127
DataSF, 127–131, 137
Department of Public Health, 130
Mayor’s Office of Housing and Community Development, 130
open data portal, 127
WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) program, 130
Schenk, Tom, 138–140. See also Chicago
Schiener, Dominik, 39–40, 42, 43–44
Schlozman, Kay, 45
Schneier, Bruce, 102
Scott, James C., 145, 146, 147
Seattle (WA), 109–112, 161
Department of Transportation (SDOT), 111
government contracts, 133–136
homelessness, 11, 131–138
Human Services Department (HSD), 131–133, 134, 135–138
Police Department, 109–110, 112
Privacy Advisory Committee, 110–111
“Privacy Impact Assessment,” 110
surveillance technology ordinance, 112
United Way, 136
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), 135
Self-driving cars. See Autonomous vehicles
Sevieri, Rich, 63–64, 65, 66, 67, 71. See also Cambridge (MA)
Shkabatur, Jennifer, 43
Shreveport (LA), 71, 76
Sidewalk Labs, 2, 93, 95, 99, 115, 117, 143, 154, 155. See also LinkNYC
computational vision of the city, 153
Silicon Valley, 154
Singapore, 157
Smart cities, 2–4, 6–13, 30, 39, 87, 98–100, 127, 137, 143–144, 152, 161. See also Technology goggles
general description of, 3
Greenfield on, 6
Masdar City (United Arab Emirates), 154
public-private partnerships, 100–101 (see also LinkNYC)
social control, 92, 100, 161
Songdo (South Korea), 154
surveillance, 92, 100, 161
undemocratic, 92, 103
Y Combinator, 153–154, 157
Smart City Challenge, 30, 32. See also Columbus
Smart Columbus, 30, 32, 33, 34, 159. See also Columbus
Smart Enough Cities, 10–12, 34, 37, 86, 107, 112, 114, 137. See also Chicago;
Johnson County (KS); New York City; San Francisco; Seattle
principles of, 158–162
Smart policing. See Policing
Social Apps Lab, 59
Social media, 40, 49, 55
Facebook, 40, 95, 96, 97
Instagram, 95
political engagement, 40, 41–42, 97
surveillance, 112
Solove, Daniel, 95, 96, 104
Solutionism, 4–5, 37, 46–47. See also Technological determinism; Technologists
Songdo (South Korea), 154
Spam email, 66–68
Speck, Jeff, 28
Stanford Crowdsourced Democracy Team, 59
Stanford University, 59
St. George’s Hospital Medical School, 69, 73
Stop-and-frisk, 77, 85. See also Policing
Strategic Subjects List (SSL), 86–87, 103. See also Chicago: Police Department
Streets, 18–19
Sullivan, Robert, 82, 88. See also Johnson County (KS)
Surveillance, 95, 96, 98, 112
Black Lives Matter, 96, 97
body cameras, 98–99
corporate, 2 (see also LinkNYC; Sidewalk Labs)
policing, 72, 86–87, 99
smart cities, 92, 100, 161
social media, 112
Xinjiang (China), 158
Sweeney, Latanya, 94
Synchro, 21
Tauberer, Joshua, 51
Tech goggles. See Technology goggles
Technocrats. See Technologists
Technological determinism, 7, 9. See also Solutionism; Technologists
Technologists, 39, 40, 43, 46–47, 49–51, 60, 61, 67, 113, 120, 144–149, 155. See also Solutionism; Technological determinism; Technology goggles
laws, scorn for, 149, 154
Technology goggles (tech goggles), 4–6, 7, 9, 91, 144–146, 158, 159, 161, 162
cycle, 5
democracy and politics, 39, 42, 47, 50, 51, 55
optimization and urban planning, 151, 152–154, 157
policing, 71, 82, 85, 88
privacy and innovation, 112
transportation and autonomous vehicles (AVs), 19, 27, 35–37
Tempe (AZ), 27, 68
Textizen, 40, 43. See also Apps, civic
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 41
Toronto (Canada)
Automated Vehicles (AV) Working Group, 16, 28, 29–30 (see also Buckley, Steve; Lanyon, Ryan)
autonomous vehicles (AVs), 15–16, 18, 28–30
Sidewalk Labs, 117, 154–155
Traffic. See also Automobiles; Autonomous vehicles
accidents, 16, 18
engineers, 18–19, 21, 22, 23
induced demand, 22–23
MAC addresses, 111
models, 21
optimization, 8, 19, 21, 26–28, 36 (see also Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Senseable City Lab)
parking, 17, 24, 29, 113, 157
Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT), 111
urban patterns, 22–23
Training data, 65, 66–69, 70, 72–73, 81, 87, 103, 139–140. See also Data; Machine learning; Racial bias
Trial, The (Kafka), 96, 104
Turner, Matthew, 23
Uber, 15–16, 33, 68, 102, 115. See also Lyft
U.K. Commission for Racial Equality, 69
UNESCO, 150
United Way, 136
University of California, Berkeley, 59
University of Chicago, 80, 81, 107
Data Science for Social Good program, 80 (see also Machine learning)
University of Pennsylvania, 83
Urban planning, 144, 147–148, 150, 152. See also Urban renewal
Urban renewal, 7, 150–151. See also Moses, Robert
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 109
U.S. Department of Justice, 79
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), 30, 31
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 98
U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 119, 120, 121
Vacca, James, 106–107. See also New York City
Vallejo (CA), 59, 60, 160
Vaithianathan, Rhema, 49–50
Verba, Sidney, 45
Vitale, Alex, 86
Wagner, Dan, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 85, 86–87. See also Cambridge (MA)
Wall Street Journal, 158
Walsh, Thea, 31, 32, 34. See also Columbus
Walter, Steve, 51–53, 54–56, 58. See also Boston; Community PlanIt
Wang, Tong, 64, 65, 67
Webber, Melvin, 4–5
Weiss, Mitch, 51
Weld, William, 94
Welfare, 97–98, 100. See also Electronic benefits transfer cards; WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) program
“White Collar Crime Early Warning System,” 72
White House Office of Science and Technology, 79. See also Overmann, Lynn
WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) program, 130. See also Electronic benefits transfer cards; Welfare
Wi-Fi, 2, 9, 33, 92, 99, 100. See also Internet access; LinkNYC
Winner, Langdon, 5–6, 7, 91
Wired, 67, 138
World’s Fair (New York City, 1939), 17. See also Futurama
Xinjiang (China), 158
Y Combinator, 153–154, 157
Yoder, Steve, 81, 82. See also Johnson County (KS)
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), 135. See also Homelessness; Seattle
Zimmer, John, 27
Zuckerberg, Mark, 40